FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL CONCEPTS

Write word equations given the reactants and products.

• carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
• oxygen and water.
• (HL) sulphuric acid
• sulfur dioxide
• sodium hydrogencarbonate
• sodium carbonate

Covalent and Ionic bonds

• an ionic bond is the attraction between positive ion and a negative ion.
• a covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons.
(HL)

• Explain how an ionic bond is formed.
• Explain how a covalent bond is formed.
• positive ions are formed when atoms lose electrons negative ions are formed when atoms gain electrons

Compound or element?

• Work out the number of elements in a compound given its formula.
• Work out the number and type of atoms in a formula with no brackets.
• Work out if a particle is an atom, molecule or ion given its formula.
• Atoms contain smaller particles one of which is a negative electron

C1A MAKING CRUDE OIL USEFUL

• What are fossil fuels and how are they used?
• How are fossil fuels extracted and what problems do we face as we use them?
• Meaning of non-renewable

• What can be made from crude oil and how can the different chemicals be separated out from crude oil.


• Fractional distillation works because of differences in boiling points.
• LPG, petrol, diesel, parafin, heating oil, fuel oils and bitumen are fractions obtained from crude oil.
• LPG contains propane and butane gases


• crude oil is heated
• the fractionating column is colder at the top and hotter at the bottom
• fractions with low boiling points 'exit' from the top, with high boiling points 'exit' at the bottom.

• needs a catalyst and a high temperature
• converts large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones that are more useful
• petrol from liquid paraffin.

(HT)
• converts large alkane molecules into smaller
• alkane and alkene molecules
• alkene molecules can be used to make polymers.
• polymerisation
• (HT)how do intermolecular forces lead to the difference in boiling points.
• (HT) which fractions are most useful/most in demand as a lead in to the next lesson on cracking

• How oil companies change the amount of product in each fraction to meet the demands of society.
• Use of the different products particularly ethene.
• (HL) why each fraction is not necessarily as useful and why petrol is so useful.

C1B USING CARBON FUEL

• Which properties of a fuel make it suitable for its use?
• Energy value, availability, storage ,cost, toxicity, pollution eg acid rain, greenhouse effect, ease of use
• The complete and incomplete combustion of a fossil fuel. The pros and cons of each.
• Bunsen Flame - blue, yellow flame
• (HL) balance an unbalanced symbol using 2, 1.5 and 1 in front of the oxygen to show how reducing the oxygen can change the products

• Incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel makes carbon monoxide, carbon (soot) and water.
• Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas.
• Write word equations to show the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel given the reactants and products. (HT - balance it)

C1C CLEAN AIR

• The present day composition of the atmosphere and how this composition came about from the volcanic gases released into the original atmosphere.
• Air =21% O, 78% N, H₂O,CO₂
• Photosynthesis, respiration combustion affect the level of CO₂, O in air.
• O, N, CO₂ levels in present day atmosphere are constant.

1. Volcanoes → atmosphere rich in water and C02
2. condensed water vapour form oceans
3. Dissolve carbon dioxide in ocean
4. Increase of N - due to its lack of reactivity
5. Development of plants
6. Increase in oxygen levels due to photosynthesis

• Understand where atmospheric pollutants originate from and why they are dangerous.
• carbon monoxide - a poisonous gas formed by incomplete combustion of petrol or diesel in car engines
• oxides of nitrogen make photochemical smog and acid rain and are formed in the internal combustion engine
• sulphur dioxide - causes acid rain that will kill plants, erode stonework and corrode metals and is formed when sulfur impurities in fossil fuels burn.
• catalytic converter removes carbon monoxide from car exhaust.


• (HL) know the balanced symbol equation for a catalytic converter 2CO + 2NO → N₂ + 2CO₂

C1D MAKING POLYMER

• What a hydrocarbon is, the structures of alkanes = saturated hydrocarbons.
• (HL) use the molymods to show that the structure of the hydrocarbons is not in two dimensions but is actually in 3D.
• Many polymers are non-biodegradable and so will not decay or decompose by bacterial action.
• Waste polymers can be disposed of: use of land-fill sites, burning of waste polymers, recycling.

• Structures of alkenes = unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• How addition polymers are made from monomers, Understand the structure of polymers and how to name them.
• Large molecules, called polymers are made when many small molecules, called monomers, join together in a polymerisation reaction.
• Alkenes have a double covalent bond(s) between carbon atoms. Double bonds involve two shared pairs of electrons
• The double bond is shown by the reaction with bromine water orange to decolourised.
• Draw the displayed formula of an addition polymer given the displayed formula of its monomer.

C1E DESIGNER POLYMERS

• Understand the properties of polymers that allow them to be used for specific purposes.
• Gore-Tex®, Nylon
• Nylon is tough, lightweight, keeps water out and keeps uv light out but does not let water vapour through it which means that sweat condenses
• Gore-tex® has all of the properties of nylon but is also breathable.

• Be aware of the problems posed by plastics especially in their disposal: non-biodegradable
• Nylon laminated with ptfe / polyurethane membrane
• Holes in membrane are too small for water to pass through but are big enough for water vapour to pass through
• Membrane is too fragile on its own and so is combined with nylon
• Plastics are held together by strong covalent bonds.
• Relate the properties of plastics to simple models of their structure

C1F COOKING AND FOOD ADDITIVES

• Understand the changes that occur in foods when they are cooked and that some foods have additives to enhance taste/colour etc.

A chemical change (cooking) takes place if:
1. There is a new substance made
2. The process is irreversible
3. An energy change takes place.

• Antioxidants stop foods from reacting with oxygen
• Food colours give food an improved colour
• Flavour enhancers improve the flavour of a food
• Emulsiers help oil and water to mix and not separate.
• Hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of emulsifying agents

• Understand the action of heat on baking powder.
• baking powder helps make cakes rise.
• CO₂ turns lime water cloudy.
• egg or meat changes when cooked - shape of protein molecules changed.
• Potato is easier to digest if it is cooked

Word equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate
• 'sodium carbonate + CO₂ + water

(HL)
• 2NAHCO₃ → NA₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O

C1G SMELLS

• Make a range of esters and research their uses.
• that alcohols react with acids to make an ester + water.
• Perfumes evaporates easily,non-toxic, does not react with water, does not irritate the skin, insoluble in water.
• Which liquids are solvents for nail varnish
• Describe different views on cosmetic testing on animals.
• Understand the terms solvent, solute, solution, soluble and insoluble

C1H PAINTS AND PIGMENTS

• Paints are colloids and the different parts of a paint.
• What happens when paint dry
• The properties and some uses of thermochromic paints
• The properties and some uses of phosphorescent paints

• Describe how paints dry
• emulsion paints = water based paints that dry when the water evaporates.
• oil paints dry when the solvent evaporates, the oil is oxidised by oxygen

Ingredients of a paint:
• solvent thins the paint and makes it easier to spread
• binding medium sticks the pigment in the paint to the surface
• Pigment is the substance that gives the paint its colour.


• oil paints: have the pigment dispersed in an oil
• paint = colloid where the particles are dispersed with particles of a liquid but are not dissolved.